Tanba sa Timór-Leste tenki ba Debe?

Durante fulan hira ikus ne'e iha 2009, Governu Timór-Leste hahú asaun lejislativa, diplomatiku no finansial atu lori nasaun ne’e atu debe osan hosi governu no instituisaun husi rai li’ur. La’o Hamutuk fiar katak ida ne’e sei lori risku boot ba nasaun, liu-liu ba jerasaun futuru. Ami oferese ligasaun no analisa hirak ne'e atu ajuda asegura katak desizaun tenki foti ho informasaun ne’ebé kompletu.

Povo iha nasaun ladauk dezenvolvido barak hatene ona husi sira nia laran-tauk no terus katak, governu hirak ne’ebé uluk ukun, asina kontratu atu uza fundu Públiku nian hodi lori selu tusan. Wainhira estadu labele fó asistensia sosiais ba sidadaun sira, iha tempu hanesan, osan semo sai husi sira nia nasaun ba governu iha nasaun seluk nian ka instituisaun finanseiru internasonal. Tusan, dala barak fó benefisiu ba ema riku sira deit ka kompania husi nasaun seluk, no falha atu suporta povo, ka atu dezenvolve ekonomia nasaun nian. Maski tusan ho ninia funan ne’ebe “concessional” (katak nia tusan menus liu kompara ho valor iha merkadu), obrigasaun legal atu selu fali osan inan antes atu gasta ba nessesidade rai laran, dala barak hamukit ema tanba la iha saude, edukasaun no seguransa. Ida ne’e resulta “Crize Tusan” balu ne’ebé akontese durante dekade 1980s no 1990s. Maski tusan balu kansela, no mos refórma balu, maibé perigu basicu no injustisa ekonomia nian existe nafatin. Povo kiak sira nia jerasaun iha futuru oin mai mak sei iha obrigasaun atu selu fali osan hirak ne’e tan de’it benefisiu politiku no finanséru jerasaun agora nian ne’ebé mak halo desizaun.

Maski Timór-Leste iha sorte di’ak tanba hahú moris hanesan estadu soberanía ho laiha debe ba ema seluk, nasaun ida ne'e hetan encourajamentu atu debe iha tinan 2004 atu lori taka kuak entre rendimentu husi mina nian no nesesidade ba gasta publiku. Primeiru Ministru iha tempu ne’e reziste presaun hirak ne’e, no ikus mai “kuak” ida ne’e nunka mosu.

Ohin loron, Governu planu hela atu impresta osan hodi realiza governu nia mehi sira, hanesan estrada boot, airportu, no sentral eletrisidade. Maski projeitu boot hirak ne’ebé kompania husi rai li’ur mak sei harií ne’e bele halo ita nia na’i ulun sira orgulho, laiha koneksaun milagre entre hari projeitu boot sira ne’e ho haforsa ekonomia lokal Timór-Leste nian.

Nasaun ne’ebé dependente ba petróleum hanesan Timór-Leste, iha posibilidade boot atu debe wainhira estadu simu ona osan lahoo esforso maka’as ka planu ne’ebé di’ak. Maibé sira kria mos perigu, wainhira rendimentu husi petróleu komesa tun, iha tempu hanesan, tusan komesa selu fali ona. Wainhira Timór-Leste nia rendimentu husi mina hotu iha tinan 15 nia laran, no Timór-Leste tenki selu fila fali tusan, ita nia oan no bei oan sira mak sei sofre husi konsekuensia hirak ne’e.

Lei N.^o 13 /2009 kona ba Orsamento e Jestaun Finanseira (Port. ka English)

Artigu 20 º.
Garantia no imprestimu husi Estadu

1. Iha reseita no despeza públiku kada tinan ne’ebé estimatiza ona atu hatama ba Parlamentu, governu tenke fosai montante hira mak atu hetan husi imprestimu no subsidiu públiku durante iha tinan fiskál ida hodi selu ba estadu ninia despeza.

2. Governu bele de’it fosai sertifikadu debe kuandu iha simu tiha ona montante hira ka sasan ne’ebé mak rekere husi imprestimu ne’e.

3. Ministru Finansa mak autoridade uniku ne’ebé fó ka halo imprestimu hodi Estadu ninia naran, no:

a. Reprezenta Governu ba iha halo akordu imprestimu hotu;

b. Mantein dokumentu no rezistu orijinal hotu kona-bá akordu imprestimu, inkluindu garantia no obrigasaun kontijensia

4. Reseita hotu ne’ebé mak hetan tuir artigu ne’e tenke transfere ba Timór-Leste ninia Fundu Konsolidu ida ne’ebé kria atu finansia despeza estadu tuir Lei Orsamentu Estadu haruka.

5. Ministru Finansa bele fosai garantia ida ne’ebé limita Governu, lahoo tan ona autorizasaun ba daruak, hodi nune’e montante iha kestaun la a’as liu dotasaun orsamentál ne’ebé la-gasta ba Ministériu Finansa no iha kazu espesifika ona kuandu devidamente autoriza husi lei.

6. Governu bele de’it limitidu iha relasaun ba garantia, insuransia ka instrumentu finanseiru hanesan ba iha parágrafu 8 artigu ne’e.

7. Governu ninia despeza ne’ebé mai husi kumprimentu ho garantia no insuransia sei konsidera hanesan despeza servisu dívida.

8. Iha reseita no despeza públiku kada tinan ne’ebé estimatiza ona hatama ba Parlamentu, governu tenke fosai montante nesesaria ne’ebé bele atinje kustu operasaun imprestimu hotu tuir lei átual, ne’ebé liu husi tau kapitál ka selu juru ka taxa devida seluk-seluk iha relasaun ba imprestimu durante tinan finasiál to’o ida ne’ebé mak estimatiza ona.

9. Amortizasaun impréstimu no juru, nomós montante seluk-seluk ne’ebé atu selu, desde sira la preokupa ba garantia no indemnizasaun ne’e selu husi fundu públiku lahoo dotasaun seluk-seluk tan.

Iha loron 21 fulan Outubru 2009, Timór-Leste publika Lei Orsamentu no Management Finanséru (Port. or English). Lei No.13/2009 ne’e troka regulamentu UNTAET No.2001/13 ne’ebé defini ona prosesu orsamentu durante tinan walu ikus mai neé. Regulasaun UNTAET la autoriza Timór-Leste atu debe, tanba UNTAET lakohi atu husik hela responsabilidade ba estadu independente iha futuru mai ho tusan husi administrasaun transitorio nian. Maibé, iha lei foun, artigu 20 descreve kona ba oinsa estadu bele debe, no artigu 21 kria prosesu para oinsa atu fo imprestimu ba povo ka negosiante sira.

Wainhira proposta lei ne’e sei debate hela iha Parlementu, La’o Hamutuk no ONG seluk sujere atu hadi’a lei ne’e. Relasiona ho debe, maski maioria ami nia sugestasaun la inklui iha lei ne’e; ONG sira hato’o rekomendasaun hirak tuir mai ne’e:

Artigu 20 Lei Fundu Petróleu (Port. ka English) hateten katak Fundu Petróleu labele uza nudar garantia ba debe. Tanba rendimentu hotu husi Petróleu iha Timór-Leste tenki depositu iha Fundu Petróleu, ema balu interpreta ne’e lori signifika katak labele usa osan husi rendimentu Petróleu nian atu lori selu tusan.

Maibé ida ne’e la los. Wainhira osan transfere ona husi Fundu Petróleu ba Tesoreiru, osan ne’e bele usa ba saida deit, inklui Orsamentu Jeral Estadu. Wainhira 98% ba rendimentu estadu Timór-Leste nian mai husi Petróleu, no wainhira selu fila fali tusan sai hanesan reklamasaun primeiru iha orsamentu nia laran, ida ne’e la hases katak osan ne’ebé transfere husi Fundu Petróleu sei usa atu selu fali tusan. Atu hateten iha maneira seluk, se mak sei espera Timór-Leste atu bele selu fila fali biliaun $3, wainhira ita laiha rekursu minarai ruma?

Wainhira Lei Fundu Petróleu sei debate hela tinan lima liu ba, La’o Hamutuk fo sujestaun (Ingles ka Portugese) iha liman los. Maibé, ami nia ideias la tau ba konsiderasaun, no nasaun ne’ebé deit ka IFI konsidera atu fó imprestimu ba Timór-Leste hatene katak osan husi Fundu Petróleu sei bele selu tusan depois de transfere ba Conta Bankaria Estado nian. Wainhira Timór-Leste falha atu selu fali tusan, no kreditor (nasaun ka instituisaun ne’ebé fo tusan) labele foti osan direitamentu husi Fundu Petróleu, mos Governu Timór-Leste, kreditor sira sei bele foti osan ne’ebé deit mak transfere ona ba Tesoreiru.

Ministériu Finansa planu hela ato halo revizaun ba Lei Fundu Petróleu molok Julho 2010. Rasaun ida atu halo revisaun ne’e mak atu bele aumenta strategia investimentu nian ho risku boót liu, atu nune’e bele hasa’e tan investimentu Fundu Petróleu nia retornu ne’ebe boót. maibé wainhira lei ne’e loke ona ba revisaun, parte ne’ebé deit bele hetan mudansa. Se karik prosesu revisaun ne’e halo, ami espera katak Governu no Parlementu sei inklui sujestaun ne’ebé La’o Hamutuk hato’o iha tinan 2005. Maibé ami laran susar tanba Governu agora dadaun iha interese liu atu gasta osan lalais liu duke proteje interese povo Timór-Leste nian ba tempu naruk, no espera katak sira sei la hafraku liu tan protesaun limitadu lei ne’ebé Fundu Petróleu iha.

Proposed 2010 General State Budget (Eng. ka Port.)

Parte 6: Financiamentu

Overview

Timor-Leste is a post-conflict low income country where about 50% of the population lives below the poverty line. Literacy rates are below 50% and there is a high infant mortality rate and population growth is around 3.2% per annum. The work force continues to increase every year about 15,000 whilst jobs are limited both in public and especially in private sector.

Timor-Leste’s infrastructures are also in poor conditions. Roads are difficult to travel on, especially during the rainy season and limited maintenance has been carried out since 1999 when Indonesians left the country amid the destruction and economic contraction. Most of the irrigation facilities, especially in the southern coast still need.

These are a few examples of challenges that Timor-Leste is facing in its development process. The agenda is large and resources are limited. Pressure is building up to improve road conditions, housing primary school students in rural areas in appropriate buildings, and locating health facilities closer to the population. Even if prioritizing is done properly, the resources needed to undertake such development activities will still be extremely large both monetary terms as well as human resource needs.

To not address these issues, particularly those of core infrastructure and employment quickly and systematically risks social instability as well as the continuation of economic hardship for most of the Timorese people.

The key revenue of Timor-Leste is petroleum revenues, which come mainly from Bayu Undan in Timor Sea. The revenues are deposited in US Treasury Bills in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and every year the Government withdraws 3% of Estimated Sustainable Income (ESI) to finance the State Budget according to the Petroleum Fund Law. As a result of this prudent policy, by mid 2009, the Petroleum Fund had already reached above $5 billion dollars. Given the total petroleum wealth, it is estimated that ESI will be around half billion over the coming years. Adding the domestic revenues that may reach $100 million in the near future, resources available for sustaining state activities and developing the country is about $600 million every year.

With a country size of one million people, the above budget seems to be enough if it is managed properly based on the right priorities and spending efficiently. However, given the needs of development, and the extensive damage inflicted to core infrastructure (both human and physical) the investment levels associated with the current budget may not be enough to overcome the immediate needs of the nation. The Petroleum Fund Law allows the government to withdraw more than 3% every year. However, withdrawing significantly more than ESI could deplete the Petroleum Fund in few years such that it could put Timor-Leste into the path of unsustainability and risk the return of social violence and economic crisis.

Therefore, if Timor-Leste can tap into other resources to raise domestic revenues from non-petroleum sources then this could be a potential solution and this is an avenue that every responsible Government would need to at least explore - both in terms of providing the necessary investment and in addition, improving the enabling environment for private sector development in order to generate revenues in the future.

So far domestic revenues have been too small to cover any single major budget expenditure category. On the other hand, donor funds have been shrinking since 2002. After ten years of reconstruction and priorities in other parts of the world, Timor-Leste can no longer rely on development partners to finance its development activities like the first few years of reconstruction of the country.

Given these circumstances, Timor-Leste will have to examine the possibility to tap into other sources to finance development programs like borrowing. The Petroleum Fund Act does not allow the Government to borrow against money held in this fund, however, that does not mean that the Government cannot borrow at all.

The National Parliament recently passed a law on Budget and Financial Management that provides legal framework for Timor-Leste to borrow. Nevertheless, to enable the Government to borrow, the law requires that the Government produce a directive on borrowing.

Another challenge is the capacity of Timor-Leste to manage public debts. For this purpose, the Ministry of Finance is establishing a Debt Management Unit and seeking technical assistance to build the capacity of the unit to manage public debts.

[Liga iha ne'e atu hare quadro Sumariu Financiamento iha OJE 2010]

Sources of funds

The Government of Timor-Leste is pursuing discussions with a range of funds providers including Governments such as China and Portugal. However, since the amount is not known yet, borrowing is not included in the 2010 Budget submission to the National Parliament.

There are several loan options which the Government will explore, including but not limited to the following:

Commercial / Private Borrowing – these are loans offered by commercial entities such as Banks, this can happen through negotiation or though the issuing of bonds
Bilateral Loans – these are loans that are negotiated between two governments, one of whom gives the loan and the other being the recipient of the loan.
Multilateral Loans – are loans given by a group of countries, multilateral agencies or an international financial institution. The repayment terms and rates of interest are usually much lower than those offered commercially.
Concessional Loans – These are loans that are given at interest rates that are much lower than those offered by commercial financial institutions or some governments or international financial institutions which offer loans at the prevailing market rates. Concessional loans are normally given for specific purposes, but the terms of repayment are very generous. Typically rates of interest are in the region of 0.75%.
EXIM Bank – Export Import Bank of a country often offers loans for a specific project. These loans are often ‘tied loans’ and are usually given at commercial rates of interest. The repayment period is shorter than either multilateral loans or concessional loans and the borrowing Government is expected to procure goods and services from the country of origin of the EXIM Bank.

However, rates, terms and conditions can vary significantly for all of the categories listed above and this is why it is important to conduct careful analysis and consultations to understand exactly what is available to a country like Timor-Leste.

Nevertheless, the Government will seek approval of the National Parliament when an amount of borrowing at the appropriate time, however, for now the Government is seeking more information so that any presentation to Parliament is done so with the full range of documentation and information necessary.

At this stage it is envisaged that loans will be used to finance infrastructure projects which are national priorities. The value of these projects is likely to be around $3bn over the term of the project life, which will be several years.

Iha fulan Outubro 2009, Governu Timór-Leste aprezenta proposta Orsamentu Jeral do Estadu 2010 nian ba Parlementu atu aprova. Ida ne’e hanesan orsamentu primeiru ne’ebé mak atu aplika baseia ba Lei Orsamentu no Jestaun Finanséru foun, no ba dala uluk atu inklui kapitulu ida kona ba Finansiamentu, bele hetan iha sorin los.

Orsamentu ne’e seidauk inklui autorizasaun ba Timór-Leste atu debe, maibé indika katak Governu sei apresenta orsamentu recficativu tinan klaran nian atu halo revisaun ba orsamentu, inklui imprestimo, inklui mos biliaun $3 ba projetu infrastrutura.

Orsamentu Estadu 2010 reduz dotasaun ba sentral no rede distribuisaun eletrisidade nian drastikamente, husi miliaun $375 to’o miliaun $73 durante projeitu tomak. Iha tempu hanesan, Primeiru Ministru halo ona "koreksaun" balu ba projeitu ne’ebé nia kustu sei aumenta maka’as. Iha posibilidade boot katak menus liu, milaun $500 ne’ebé proposta atu impresta husi Xina sei uza atu selu Kompania Konstrusaun Industri Nuclear Xinesa No.22, ba projeitu oleu pesadu nebe mal planeadu desde inisiu.

Proposta Orsamentu Estadu 2010 la husu Parlamentu atu aprova Timor-Leste ba halo imprestimu, maibé ne’e implika katak aprovasaun hanesan ne’e iha ona garantia, nune’e “diretiva” ida de’it rekere molok governu bele impresta. Iha ona mós diskusaun kona-bá asinatura Momerandum Intendimentu ida ho Portugal ne’ebé bele “aranja no selu ba projétu infraestrutura ne’ebé konkorda tiha ona” atu “selu hikas iha tempu ikus-mai” maibé “sei la hola parte iha Orsamentu Jéral Estadu nian”. Paragrafu seluk hateten katak Governu sei “buka aprovasaun” husi Parlamentu wainhira deside osan hira mak atu impresta, ne’ebé ekspekta pelumenus tokon-rihun $3 durante projétu ne’e ba tinan hirak nian-laran.

Ida ne’e la lojika tebes atu halo imprestimu wainhira rendimentu petróleu sulin hela mai no atu selu de’it hafoin produsaun minarai hotu ona. Maske Artigu 9 Lei Orsamentu no Jestaun Finanséru fó konsiderasaun ba ekuidade ba jerasaun agora no ba futuru, imprestimu ne’ebé lei ne’e fo dalan, kontradikte hodi gasta arbiru riku soin ita nia oan sira nian atu selu ba atitude atuál loro-loron nian. Ida ne’e la habadak objetivu baziku ne’ebé sai fundamental ba Fundu Petróleu atu halo jestaun rendimentu ba rekursu la’os-renovavel ba benefísiu tempu naruk nian, duke gasta fundu ne’e arbiru de’it agora no tau-todan tusan ba ita nia be oan sira.

Kestaun importante mak la’os kona-b’a oinsa atu ba debe, maibé tamba sa mak atu debe:

Osan ne’e atu uza ba halo saida?
Ida ne’e bele garante atu hasa’e kresimentu ekonómia no reseitas doméstiku natoon hodi selu fali impréstimu?
Osan ne’e atu uza hodi sosa fali sasan husi nasaun ne’ebé fó impréstimu?
Karik aluga kompañia Portugues atu halo liron karun liu duke aluga ema seluk, no ita sei selu osan-funan efetivamente hamutuk 100%.
Osan hira mak atu selu fali? No wainhira?
Osan hodi selu ne’e mai husi ne’ebé los?
Karik Timor-Leste la bele selu fali, nia konsekuensia saida?

Maske iha valór osan-funan ne’ebé ki'ik, selu fali impréstimo sei permanentimente hatuun osan ne’ebé Timor-leste atu uza husi Fundu Petróleu. Mai ita buka hatene saida mak mosu karik ita impresta tokon rihun $3 iha tinan 2010 ho funan 2%, no selu fali iha tinan 30 nia-laran. Wainhira impréstimu ne’e selu hotu iha dekade tolu-nia laran, ita sei selu fali hamutuk tokon rihun $4.14. Ita sei hamenus Fundu Petróleu, reduz ESI ba $125 kada tinan ba rohan laek, hanesan hatudu iha gráfiku tuir-mai ne’e (liga grafiku atu haree boot liu):

Iha loron 21-22 de Outubru 2009, Komisaun C Parlementu Nasional hala’o Workshop ida kona ba Banku Central, Governu Debe no Impresta, no Orsamentu Jeral do Estadu 2010.

Orador sira husi Banku Mundial, Autoridade Bankaria no Pagamentu, Agensia Kooperasaun Internasional Japan no sira seluk enkoraja Timór-Leste atu ba debe. Iha Banku nia liafuan hateten katak “opsaun assesmentu atu kria spasu fiskal no finansamentu defisit orsamentu, asegura kualidade gastus.” La’o Hamutuk deit mak fó hanoin ba partisipantes sira katak pergunta importante mak la’os oinsa atu debe, maibé tanba sa mak ba debe. Orador seluk argumenta katak Timór-Leste tenki debe tanba nia funan karik menus, maibé maski tusan ho funan zero mos ita tenki selu fali. La iha ema ida mak diskuti paradox husi debe nian, katak ita impresta wainhira rendimentu mina nian as hela, atu selu fila wainhira folin mina tun.

La’o Hamutuk la iha asesu ba konservasaun privadu entre IFIs, nasaun seluk no Governu Timór-Leste. Maibé ita imajina katak saida mak sira hateten privadu hanesan saida mak sira hateten iha publiku, no ekonomista tekhnokratikamente sira dudu Timór-Leste atu tama iha debe. Kleur tiha depois peritu na’in sira ne’ebé mak hetan salariu boot fila ba sira nia rai, sidadaun jerasaun Timór-Leste nian mak sei hetan sofre husi konsekuensia husi sira nia konselho, ne’ebé serve deit ba sira nia patraun duke nasaun ida ne’e.

Iha loron 21 fulan Setembru 2009, Ministros Finansas Portugal ho Timór-Leste asina akordo ba “Kreditu Tusan Mamar” ne’ebe sai hanesan base ba Timór-Leste atu debe to’o €500 miliaun Euros (US$ 750 miliaun), iha instalamentu €100 miliaun. Detalha kona ba tusan ne’e sei hare liu iha “Akordu Planu servisu nian” ida ne’ebé atu asina iha Janeiru 2010.

Maski akordu ne’e seidauk publika, informasaun balu publika ona iha website Portuguesa nian ida, enkoraja kompania Portugal nian atu aplika ba kontraktu. Aumenta tan, ita aprende ona katak tusan husi Portugal sei usa ba projeitu infrastrutura ne’ebé seidauk defini, no iha posibilidade atu kesi, ho 40% husi imprestimu ne’e selu ba kompania no sasan husi Portugal, 40% husi Timór-Leste, no restu ne’e laiha restriksaun.

Timor-Leste atu Negosia Imprestimu husi Xina ba Infrastrutura

MacauHub, Dili, Timor-Leste, 15 Outubru 2009 – Ministru Negosiu Estrangeru Timor-Leste, Zacarias da Costa hatete ona katak Timor-Leste negosia hela imprestimu husi Xina atu funda projeitu infrastrutura boot liu iha nasaun ne’e.

Ministru ne’e mos hateten ba ajensia notisias Portugal nian, Lusa, katak asuntu ne’e sei dikuti iha sexta durante enkontro entre Primeiru Ministru Xanana Gusmao ho nia parseiru husi Xina, Wen Jiabao iha cidade Xina nian, Chengdu.

Durante visita offisiais Gusmao ba Xina, Timor-Leste planu atu hasa’e kooperasaun bilateral.

Ministru da Costa mos hateten ba Lusa katak sei diskuti mos “Xina nia interese iha asesu ba Timor-Leste nia rekursu mina.”

Xina nia interese ba rekursu ina Timor-Leste nian, tuir da Costa, haforsa tan konklusaun katak konstrusaun pipeline ida husi kadoras mina “Sunrise” ba Timor-Leste no la’os Australia, komersialmente bele halo.

“Ami iha estudu fisibilidade husi kompania balu ne’ebé prova katak ida ne’e teknikamente bele,” katak da Costa.

“Ami iha tiha ona kontaktu, la’os ho Xina de’it, maibe mos ho Korea no kompania internasional ne’ebé hatudu klaramente katak, husi pontu de vista komersial, bele lori pipelina mai Timor-Leste no ida ne’e buat ne’ebe mak ami tenki hatudu ba Australiano sira, mos kompania sira iha area ne’e,” nia nota.

Tuir da Costa, “iha interese no opsaun hotu tenki konsidera, no tenki tau iha meja leten atu diskuti,” nota katak tuir tratadu Petroleu Tasi Timor conjunta, ne’ebé Australia no Timor asina, governu rua ne’e iha direitu atu involve iha desizaun final kona ba pipeline.

Governu Xina, ne’ebe iha osan barak tanba ninia sasan esporta ba Eropa no Norte Amerika, hanesan enfrenta problema tanba menus rekursu naturais atu prepara ba nia populasaun ne’ebé boot no base ba industria.

Iha fulan Outubru nia klaran, Primeiru Ministru Timór-Leste, Ministra Finansas no Ministro Negosiu Estranjeiru, Sekretariu Estadu ba Rekursu Naturais no mos oficiais seluk visita Xina, diskuti kona ba imprestimu, ne’ebé Primeiru Ministru bolu “investimentu.”

Destinasaun lojika imprestimo ida husi Xina mak projeitu oleu pezadu, maibé kompania Xina sira mos bele hetan kontratu atu konstrui dalan, lihun, airportu, portu no infraestrutura seluk iha ne’e, importa trabalhadores Xinesa sira no usa Timór oan ba deit servico ne’ebe mak selu baratu. Seidauk klaru katak projetu hirak ne’e sei hasa’e ekonomia Timór-Leste nian atu bele selu fali imprestimo, no kondisaun saida deit mak Xina sei husu atu fó debe mai Timór-Leste.

Xina ba ona rai seluk iha mundu, especialmente Afrika, ofrese tusan ba nasaun hirak ne’ebé riku mina no mineral. Dala barak, tusan hirak ne’e desenho ba Projeitu infrastrutura ne’ebé mak sei konstrui husi kompania Xinesa sira. No dala barak mos, kondisaun atu selu fila fali kria problema barak ba nasaun sira ne’e. Tuir mai, ezemplu balu husi fulan rua kotuk:

Ekuador, Novembru 2009

Ekuador decidi ona atu adia nia planu ba kredit biliaun USD 1 husi Xina tanba parte rua la hetan akordu kona ba kondisoens husi akordo ne’e, Ministru Politika Ekonomia Ecuador, Diego Borja hateten semana kotuk. “Sira husu kondisoens ne’ebé la bele aseita, hanesan garansia ba importa,” Borja hateten ba jurnalista sira. “Ekuador la simu imposisoens, husi Xina, husi FMI no husi se de’it. Borja hateten katak finansas Públiku Ekuador nian sei la afeita tan suspensaun negosiasaun tusan, tanba proposta orsamentu fiscal governu central nian seidauk inklui tusan ne’e. (Reuters, Dow Jones).

Afrika, Novembru 2009

“Iha ona alegasaun balu durante tempu balu katak Xina mai iha Afrika atu hadau Afirika nia rekursu no praktika neo-kolonialismu. Alegasaun ida ne’e, tuir pontu de vista hau nian, totalmente labele defende.”

--Wen Jiabao, Primeiru Ministru Xina, tuir komitmentu ba billaun USD 10 iha tusan baratu ba Afrika ba tempu tinan tolu,
no rejeita akuzasan katak nasaun boot liu iha Asia buka de’it atu exploita rekursu husi Afrika.

Komitmentu tusan ba Afrika hadalas-rua osan biliaun $5 husi komitmentu ne’ebe halo iha tinan 2006. Wen hateten katak politika Xina nia indikador foun walu nia objectivu atu haforsa relasaun ho Afrika hodi “hare liu ba hadi’a povo nia moris,” sublinha saida mak nia bolu Beijing “la hare de’it ba an” iha nia enganhamentu iha Afrika, Washington Post reporta. Nia hateten, Xina sei konstrui projeitu enerjia foun 100 iha kontinente ne’e , no gradualmente hatun taxa ba 95% ba produtu husi nasaun Afrika sira ne’ebé mak iha relasaun diplomatiku ho Xina. FMI hato’o ona nia laran susar kona ba governu Afrika sira ne’ebé foti tusan barak liu husi kreditor Xinesa sira. Maibé Wen hateten katak Xina sei kansela tusan balu ne’ebé Xina halo ona ba nasaun kiak liu no nasaun ne’ebé mak iha tusan barak liu. Chefi de Estadu husi Afrika balu, inklui Robert Mugabe husi Zimbabwe no Omar Hassal al-Bashir husi Sudan hahi’i Xina nia supporta ne’e. Maibé nasaun seluk husi Afrika hateten, sira presija atu hanoin mesak sira nia planu dezenvolvementu atu aproveita vantajem finanseiru husi Cinesa sira. Tinan kotuk, lejislatura Uniaun Europeia nian ataka Xina tanba “opresivu” ba governu Afrika hanesan Sudan, atu satisfika Xina hahusuk ba mina no sasan seluk ne’ebe sa’e maka’as. “Xina sente laran moras tebes ho kritika ne’ebé mai husi 'Western Quarters' iha tinan hirak ikus ne’e,” Martin Davies, CEO ba Frontier Advisory, kompania peskiza and konsultante strategiku ida ne’ebé base iha Johannesburg hateten ba noticia Bloomberg. Xina tenta hela “atu iha aproximasaun mamar liu” iha nia esforsu ida ne’ebé atu heli nosaun katak Xina nia interese iha Afika “naturalmente Extractionis.” Dalan negosiu – material principal ba Xina no Xina nia produtu ba Afrika – halo Afrikanu balu hirus. “Ami moras no kole ho modelu tuan, iha ne’ebé Xina mai Afrika, exploita material prinsipal no ba fali Xina,” Vice Primeiru Ministru Zimbawe, Arthur Mutambara hateten ba Zimbabwe Times iha Setembru. “Ami agora la interese iha ne’e.” (Global Development Briefing).

Angola, Outubru 2009

Angola hetan ona akordu preliminaria ho FMI ba tusan to’o miliaun US $890. Chefi misaun FMI nian Lamin Leigh hateten katak tusan ne’e sei ajuda alevia presaun sasulik kas imediamente. Angola, produtur mina boot liu numer 19 iha mundu, enfrenta problema boot tanba mina nia folin mina tuun iha durante tinan kotuk, no krize ekonomia global. Mina agora dadaun fa’an ho US $67 kada baril, menus liu husi folin balu husi nia folin iha Julho 2008. Akordu preliminaria marka relasaun entre Angola ho FMI mak foin hadi’ak. Iha 2007, Angola hakotu negosiasaun ho FMI, no fila ba fina ba impresta biliaun dolar ne’ebe mak supporta ho mina. (BBC).

Filipina, 2007-2008

Hanesan perfil kazu korupsaun seitor privadu as liu iha 2007/2008, involve projeitu National Broadband Network (NBN). Akordu ne’e involve kontratu ho kompania telekomunikasaun ida ne’ebe base iha Xina atu estabelese rede broadband, lori liga rede entre edifisiu governu nian iha nasaun ne’e tomak. Ida ne’e hanesan parte ida de’it husi investimentu lubuk ida, maibe, investimentu sira ne’e hetan akordu iha Julhu 2006 liu husi nota intendimentu entre Departementu Komersiu no Industria Filipina nian ho Zhong Xing Telecommunications Equipment International Investment Ltd (ZTE). Iha loron 21 de Abril 2007, Departementu Transportasaun no Komunikasaun ho ZTE asina kontratu ida ho valor miliaun US $329.5, funda husi Export-Import Bank husi Xina.

Kontroversiu hahu mosu iha públiku wainhira membro Senado (hanesan Parlementu iha Timor-Leste) Carlo Padilla loke sai ba públiku iha ninia diskursu previlejiu ida iha loron 29 de Agostu 2007 katak Chefi Komisaun Eleisaun, Benjamin Abalos hetan alegasan katak nia serve hanesan “Broker” ba kompania Cinesa, halimar golf and enkontro ho eksekutivu ZTE nian semana hirak antes asina kontratu ho NBN iha Xina. Abalos admite katak nia ba Xina no halimar golf, maibe nega katak nia serve hanesan middleman ba kompania ne’e.

Iha tempu hanesan, hasesuk malu kona ba kazu ne’e dramatiku ona. Hanesan rekonhesementu ba problema ne’ebe mosu husi projeitu ne’e, iha Setembru 2007, Prezidente kria Komisaun ida atu tau matan ba Projeitu ne’e. Maski nune’e, iha Fevreiru 2008, eis Senador Jovito Salonga falha atu lori kazu kriminal ne’e ba tribunal contra Prezidente relasiona ho Prezidente nia involvementu iha kazu ne’e. Ida ne’e akontese semana hirak de’it, depois de ema husu Prezidente Macapagal-Arroyo atu rejina, tuir testimonio husi Senadu ne’ebe “implika eis officias senior no officias seniar agora.” Iha nia responde ba reasaun públiku ne’e, Prezidente hapara “debe foun husi Xina no kreditor seluk ba projeitu infrastrutura boot’ hotu. Hanesan rezultadu, tuir lolos Filipina tenki buka ona fonte fundu alternativa seluk ba projeitu boot sanulu resin ida, maibe seidauk hetan akordu.

Kazu ida ne’e ilustra kona ba involvementu kompania husi rai li’ur, dala barak supporta husi estadu ne’ebe fo tusan no garante, bele iha risku korupsaun substansialmente. Maski iha enkoraga katak Filipina hala’o ona investigasaun kona ba alegasaun ba subornu, hanesan tristeza boot ida katak kompania hirak ne’ebé sai hanesan sentru iha desastre ida ne’e seidauk husu atu responsabiliza ba sira nia parti iha actividades hirak ne’e. Wainhira fundus hetan husi rai li’ur no kompania sira husi rai li’ur usa iha kontratu sira ne’e, ida ne’e hamenus abilidade Filipina nian atu maneja nia problema ho nakloke no trasparante. (Transparency International Global Corruption Report 2009).

Kreditor tradisional sira barak hanesan Banku Mundial, FMI no Banku Dezenvolvementu Asiatiku (ADB), Japaun no nasaun seluk mos atrai ho riku mina Timór nian, laiha esperiensia, no paixaun Timór-Leste nian ho projeitu boot.

Ami fiar katak debe hanesan desizaun kritiku no perigu liu ne’ebé governu bele foti, naha todan ba gerasaun futuru atu selu tan deit ba interese politiku no finanséru ba tempu badak nian. Desijaun ida ne’e tenki foti ho de’it causa extrimu, atensaun no planu realistiku, nakonu ho diskusan publiku, transparencia kona ba kondisisoens, termus no selu fila fali tusan.

La’o Hamutuk sei kontinua atu halo peskiza asuntu ne’e no publika informasaun ne’ebé iha.